The use of cutting fluids is fundamental to machining processes, mainly when it comes to high heat generation, which is the case of grinding. Thus, lubrication and cooling provided by cutting fluids improve the final quality of the workpiece. However, cutting fluid usage provide some drawbacks concerning environmental, costs and health issues. Therefore, new methods for application and optimization of cutting fluids are being researched aiming to reduce the amount of fluid used, as well as the minimization of cutting fluid hazards. The present study analyzes the behavior of a recently proposed optimization method, up to now only tested in turning, which consists of adding water to minimum quantity lubrication (MQL). Three different proportions were tested in this study: 1/1, 1/3 and 1/5 parts of oil per parts of water. The following output variables were evaluated: surface roughness, roundness errors, grinding power and diametric wheel wear. Also, optical microscopy and microhardness measurements were conducted, in order to detect burns and surface alterations. The obtained results were also compared to conventional (flood coolant) cooling-lubrication and traditional MQL (without water). MQL with water (1/5) presented better results of surface roughness and roundness errors, when compared to traditional MQL, and the results are very close to when using flood coolant. For grinding power and wheel wear, the results for MQL with water (1/5) were the best among the tested conditions.

Grey cast iron (GCI) is the most common material used in diesel engine blocks. However, to increase the pressures in the combustion chamber when this kind of alloy is used, it is necessary to increase the block wall thickness, what raises its weight and, consequently, does not fulfill the requirements. Thus, the compacted graphite iron (CGI) appears as an alternative for such application. It has characteristics of heat conductivity and damping similar to the GCI, but with superior mechanical properties, making possible the manufacturing of lighter engines with better performance. However, the use of CGI presents as disadvantage its worse machinability, when compared with GCI, stimulating development of machining techniques and cutting tool materials. The goal of this work is to analyze the performance of two tool materials (carbide and ceramic Si3N4) in the finishing milling of the fire face of the engine block made of CGI. To reach this goal these two materials were compared in terms of wear mechanisms and tool life in different cutting speeds. The main conclusion was that, for conditions similar to those used in this work, carbide is better than ceramic in terms of tool life in the milling CGI.

Due to its good mechanical properties, the Compacted (Vermicular) graphite cast iron (CGI) has found a lot of applications in the automobilistic field. One of the applications is the production of high power diesel engine blocks that, due to the higher strength compared to the usual gray cast iron, allows the increase of the pressure inside the cylinder and, consequently, production of high level of energy. The result is the better fuel burning what decreases the fuel consumption and the pollutants' emission levels. However, when CGI replaces gray cast iron, the machining processes used to produce the components are more difficult, with lower tool lives and higher power consumption. Moreover, because usually the raw material to produce cast products of CGI is selected from scrap, some residual level of titanium is present. Thus, the goal of this work is to study the influence of the titanium content (in residual levels) in the turning operation performance with carbide tools, using two cutting speeds. The results show that the alloys with the highest titanium content generated the shortest tool life, but the titanium content influenced neither power consumption nor workpiece surface roughness. Attrition/adhesion was the main tool wear mechanisms verified in this work.

Foram realizados ensaios de tração na temperatura ambiente em ligas Fe-18%Cr, com teor de níquel variando entre zero e 60% e correlacionaram-se as propriedades obtidas com os resultados de usinabilidade obtidos anteriormente pelo grupo. As ligas foram ensaiadas, também, a 350 e 700ºC, de modo a determinar suas propriedades, na faixa de temperatura alcançada, no local da usinagem. A liga ferrítica apresentou alongamento e limite de resistência menores que as ligas austeníticas, tanto à temperatura ambiente, como a 350°C, o que explica porque, na usinagem dessas ligas, a vida da ferramenta foi muito maior que nas ligas austeníticas (100 contra 20 a 50 minutos, respectivamente). No ensaio a 350ºC, temperatura atingida pela peça na região de usinagem, o aumento do teor de níquel elevou, tanto o limite de resistência das ligas austeníticas, o que dificulta a usinagem, como, também, elevou a ductilidade (alongamento), facilitando a adesão da liga sobre a ferramenta de corte e exigindo maior esforço na usinagem, com conseqüente redução da vida da ferramenta.

Tensile tests were carried out at room temperature in Fe-18% Cr alloys, with nickel content varying between zero and 60%, and the properties obtained were correlated with the results of machinability previously obtained by the group. The alloys were also tested at 350 and 700°C in order to obtain these properties in the range of temperature compatible with the machining process. The ferritic alloy presented lower elongation and UTS (ultimate tensile strength) than austenitic alloys at room temperature and 350°C, which explains why, in the machining process, the ferritic alloy shows much greater tool life if compared to austenitic alloys (100 against 20 to 50 minutes, respectively). In the test at 350°C, the temperature reached during machining, the increase in nickel content increased the UTS of austenitic alloys, hampering the machining, and also elevated the ductility (elongation) that produces a higher volume of material adhered on the tool. This higher adhesion capacity, allied to a higher mechanical strength, explains the increase of tool wear as a function of increasing nickel content in the alloy with a consequent reduction in the life of the tool.

O material estudado consiste de uma série de ligas com composição base (% em peso) de 18Cr - 0,01C - 0,2Si - 0,4Mn e teores de níquel variando de zero a 60%. Analisou-se a microestrutura por microscopia ótica das ligas no estado recozido e após deformação à temperatura ambiente, 350 e 700ºC, de modo a simular as altas temperaturas alcançadas na usinagem dessas ligas. Foram também gerados diagramas de equilíbrio das ligas por termodinâmica computacional (Thermocalc) para se prever o comportamento dessas ligas em uma larga faixa de temperaturas. As condições teóricas de equilíbrio termodinâmico do sistema foram comparadas às microestruturas observadas, indicando que a fase CFC nas ligas com teor de níquel entre 10% e 30% em peso está, na realidade, em uma condição metaestável à temperatura ambiente. Foi observada transformação martensítica induzida por trabalho a frio na liga com 10%Ni, validando os cálculos computacionais.

The material studied consists of a series of alloys with a basic composition (weight %): 18Cr - 0.01 C - 0.2 Si - 0.4 Mn, and levels of nickel varying from zero to 60%. Alloys in the annealed condition and after deformation at room temperature, 350 and 700°C to simulate the high temperatures achieved during machining were observed by optical microscopy. Equilibrium diagrams were generated by computational thermodynamics (Thermocalc) to predict the behavior of these alloys in a wide range of temperatures. The theoretical thermodynamic equilibrium conditions of the system were compared to the observed microstructures, indicating that the CFC phase in alloys with nickel content between 10% and 30% is, in fact, in a metastable condition at room temperature. Martensitic transformation induced by cold work in the alloy with 10% Ni was observed, validating the computer calculations.

A resistência à corrosão por pite tem sido correlacionada com as condições morfológicas da superfície: um acabamento superficial liso contribui para diminuir o potencial de iniciação de pites. Esse estudo teve por objetivo investigar a relação entre a resistência à corrosão por pite e a rugosidade em superfícies usinadas do aço inoxidável superaustenítico ASTM A744 grau CN3MN. As amostras fundidas sofreram um torneamento cilíndrico com diferentes combinações das condições de corte, resultando, assim, em diferentes padrões de rugosidade superficial. As superfícies das amostras, então usinadas, foram caracterizadas quanto à rugosidade e ao endurecimento. Após submetidas a um teste por imersão, que acelerava a corrosão, essas superfícies foram examinadas num esteroscópio, tendo sido, também, determinada a perda de peso devido à corrosão. Observou-se que as amostras exibiram diferentes comportamentos com relação à resistência à corrosão, de acordo com as condições de usinagem aplicadas. Uma correlação entre a resistência à corrosão e a rugosidade superficial ficou evidente, assim como à perda de peso devido à formação de pites. Esse estudo identificou que a corrosão pode ser controlada através da seleção dos parâmetros de usinagem apropriados.

Pitting corrosion resistance has been correlated to the morphological conditions of the surface: a smooth surface finishing decreases the potential for pitting. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between pitting corrosion resistance and surface roughness in the machined surfaces of superaustenitic stainless steel ASTM A744 grade CN3MN. The samples of the casting steel were cylindrically turned sunder different combinations of cutting conditions, producing different surface roughness patterns. The surfaces of the samples, as machined, were characterized by roughness and hardness. After the application of an accelerated immersion corrosion test, these surfaces were examined in a stereoscope and the weight loss by corrosion was also determined. It was revealed that the samples exhibited different corrosion resistance behaviors, according to the machining conditions applied. A correlation between pitting resistance corrosion and machined surface roughness was evident, and also, the weight loss due to the formation of pits. This study has identified that corrosion can be controlled through the selection of appropriate machining parameters.

Grinding is an important process used when tight dimensional accuracy and low workpiece surface roughness are demanded. Despite the fact that grinding is widely used in industry, it is not well understood. The elastic deformation, which occurs in the beginning of the cycles, makes it necessary a spark out in the end of the cycle. An alternative to this is the use of a three-phase cycle. The main objective of this work is to compare the plunge cylindrical conventional grinding cycle (with spark out) and a three-phase one in terms of workpiece surface roughness. In order to accomplish this goal, several plunge grinding of hardened AISI 4340 steel experiments were carried out using both kinds of cycles in different grinding conditions. The vibration signal of the system was acquired in order to better understand the differences between the two kinds of cycles. The main conclusion was that conventional cycle produces lower workpiece surface roughness than the three-phase one (both with the same cycle time). It happens because the elastic deformation is better released in the conventional cycle.

The plunge cylindrical grinding operation has been widely employed in the manufacturing process of components which require excellent surface quality achieved within small ranges of dimensional tolerance. The sparkout time has proved to be an important parameter in this operation, contributing to obtain surfaces with high geometric and dimensional precision. This parameter, which is defined as the period in which there is no wheel radial feed, allows the elimination of elastic deformations that build up as the grinding wheel is fed. Experimentation with sparkout time was applied in the plunge cylindrical grinding operation and included the Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL)technique, which has proved to be an environmentally correct alternative, combining a small amount of lubricating oil with an intense flow rate of compressed air. The conventional lubrication and cooling method and the method involving the nozzle proposed by Webster [10] were also used. The results showed that longer sparkout times led to a decrease in tangential forces, wheel diametrical wear and surface roughness values for the MQL method.

The use of cutting fluid in milling operations causes increase of temperature variation on the tool and may cause decrease of tool life. However, sometimes its use is necessary due to possible deleterious influence the temperature increase may have on the workpiece. Therefore, it is important to make fluid less harmful for the tool. In this work, two alternatives were tried: the application of emulsion internally to the tool, forcing it to get closer to the cutting edge and the use of an emulsion with higher concentration, trying to increase the lubrication and decrease the fluid cooling capacity. These alternatives were experimented in the face milling operation of stainless steel used in the aeronautic industry (where workpiece damage must be avoided) and were compared to the usual way of fluid application (externally to the tool and with lower concentration) and also to dry cutting, in two different cutting speeds. Tool wear damage was analyzed. The main conclusions were: a) dry cutting generated longer tool lives than cutting with emulsion no matter the way of application and the fluid concentration; b) tool wear mechanism which caused the end of tool life was attrition for dry cutting and cracks and chippings of thermal origin for cutting with emulsion, again, no matter the way of fluid application and the fluid concentration.

O objetivo desse trabalho é estudar a influência de adições de níquel sobre as propriedades mecânicas de ligas Fe-Cr. Para atender a esse propósito, foram preparadas diversas ligas com a composição básica 18%Cr - 0,01%C - 0,2%Si - 0,4%Mn, variando-se o teor de níquel (0, 10, 20, 40 e 60 % em peso). A caracterização das ligas foi feita por difração de raios X e análise térmica. Foi determinada a dureza das ligas no estado como recebido e após a imposição de deformação a frio. Foram realizados ensaios de tração à temperatura ambiente e a 350ºC, para verificar o efeito da temperatura sobre o comportamento mecânico das mesmas. O objetivo da caracterização mecânica das ligas é o de associar as propriedades mecânicas com as propriedades de usinabilidade, obtidas em estudo que está sendo desenvolvido em paralelo.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of Ni additions on the mechanical properties of Fe-Cr alloys. For this purpose, alloys were prepared with an 18%Cr-0.01%C-0.2%Si-0.4%Mn base composition and variable Ni content (0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 weight %). The alloys were characterized by X-Ray diffraction and thermal analyses. Their hardness was determined before and after cold deformation. Tension tests were carried out at room temperature and 350ºC to verify the effect of temperature on the mechanical behavior of the alloys. The mechanical characterization aim was to use these figures to correlate mechanical properties and machinability (results originating from a parallel study).

Os aços inoxidáveis superaustenítico são assim denominados, pois, além de apresentarem boa resistência à corrosão por pite, reúnem, também, excelentes propriedades mecânicas, o que os torna uma das opções para a fabricação de componentes utilizados pela indústria petrolífera. Entretanto o encruamento superficial, durante os processos de usinagem, pode alterar essas propriedades. Esse trabalho teve, por objetivo, investigar os efeitos da operação de torneamento, na superfície do aço superaustenítico ASTM A351 CN3MN. Amostras do aço fundido sofreram um desbaste por torneamento cilíndrico, com distintas velocidades de corte, utilizando-se de pastilhas de metal duro com geometrias variadas. A análise da microestrutura, na superfície fundida, foi realizada por microscopia óptica e a superfície encruada foi determinada através da microdureza. As propriedades mecânicas do aço foram determinadas por ensaio de tração. O desgaste nas pastilhas de corte foi observado em um MEV.

Super austenitic stainless steels are denominated as such because they present good resistance to pitting corrosion and, also, offer excellent mechanical properties, which makes them one of the options for the production of components used by the petroleum industry. However, the superficial foundry hardening during the machining processes can change these properties. This paper aimed at investigating the effects of the machining operation on the surface of the super austenitic steel ASTM A351 CN3MN. Samples of the casted steel suffered wear due to cylindrical machining, with different cutting speeds, using indexable carbide inserts of varied geometries. The analysis of the microstructure on the casting surface was accomplished by optical microscopy and the foundry hardened surface was determined by micro-hardness. The mechanical properties of the steel were determined by traction assay. The wear in the cutting inserts was accomplished in a MEV.

O objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a influência do teor de níquel na vida da ferramenta em ligas 18Cr-0,01C-0,2Si-0,4Mn (% em peso) com diferentes teores de níquel (0, 10, 20, 40 e 60, % em peso) submetidas à operação de acabamento em torno CNC. Os ensaios foram realizados com pastilhas de metal duro classe M15, revestidas com TiC/Al2O3/TiN. Todas as ligas foram usinadas nas mesmas condições (Vc = 230 m/min, ap = 0,6 mm e f = 0,1 mm/volta), garantindo, assim, como única fonte de variação, o teor de níquel. Observou-se que a elevação do teor de níquel diminuiu o tempo de vida útil das pastilhas de corte, o que pode ser devido ao aumento na resistência mecânica a quente (350ºC) das ligas, causado pelo referido elemento. A rugosidade superficial nas ligas austeníticas (10 a 60 % Ni) foi sempre menor que na liga ferrítica (0 % Ni) e permaneceu praticamente constante durante toda a vida da ferramenta. Na liga ferrítica, os valores de rugosidade aumentaram com o crescente desgaste da ferramenta.

The aim of this work was to study the influence of Ni content on coated cemented carbide tool wear during the machining process of stainless alloys. For this purpose alloys were prepared with an 18%Cr-0.01%C-0.2%Si-0.4%Mn base composition and variable Ni content (0, 10, 20, 40 and 60 weight %). Tests were carried out with coated cemented carbide tools; class M15 with TiC/Al2O3/TiN coating. All alloys were machined under the same process conditions (Vc = 230 m/min, ap = 0.6 mm and f = 0.1 mm/rotation), so the only variation source was the Ni content. Preliminary results indicate that the tool life lowers when Ni content rises.

In the last decade a lot has been discussed about the suitability of using cutting fluid in abundance to cool and lubricate machining processes. The use of cutting fluid generally causes economy of tools and it becomes easier to keep tight tolerances and to maintain workpiece surface properties without damages. In the other hand, it brings also some problems, like fluid residuals and human diseases. Because of them some alternatives has been sought to minimise or even avoid the use of cutting fluid in machining operations. Some of these alternatives are dry cutting and cutting with minimum quantity of fluid (MQF). The main goal of this work is to discuss these tendencies. Therefore, topics like kinds and methods of applications of modern cutting fluids and what are new in this area will unavoidably be considered. MQF and dry cutting techniques, their applications and where it is not possible to apply them will also be focused. To exemplify the topics, this work will describe some of the researches been developed in two important Brazilian Universities: State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) and Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU).